Association between sleep duration and latency, nocturnal awakenings, and body mass index among infants / Associação entre duração e latência do sono, despertares noturnos e índice de massa corporal de lactentes

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the association between sleep duration, nocturnal awakenings, and sleep latency with body mass index (BMI) at six and 12 months of age. Methods: 179 children from a birth cohort were enrolled. At six and 12 months of age, anthropometric data were obtained using standardized techniques and infants' mothers answered the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire for sleep data. The association of BMI with the independent variables (sleep duration, latency, and nocturnal awakenings) was assessed by linear regression models. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders and a p-value<0.05 was adopted to define statistical significance. Results: For each additional hour of sleep duration, BMI was reduced by 0.15 kg/m² (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.28; -0.01; p=0.03) and each additional minute of sleep latency increased BMI by 0.01 kg/m² (95%CI -0.00; 0.03; p=0.02). These associations were independent of gestational age, child sex, birth weight, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, smoking during pregnancy, and mother's BMI, education, and marital status. Nocturnal awakenings showed no association with the outcome. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that sleep duration and sleep latency time are associated with BMI in the first year of life. Insights into the influence of sleep early in life on weight status may be helpful to complement future nutritional recommendations and prevent and treat obesity.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre duração do sono, despertares noturnos e latência do sono com o índice de massa corporal (IMC) aos seis e 12 meses de idade. Métodos: foram incluídas 179 crianças de uma coorte de nascimentos. Aos seis e 12 meses de idade, dados antropométricos foram obtidos por meio de técnicas padronizadas e as mães dos lactentes responderam ao Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire para dados do sono. A associação do IMC com as variáveis independentes (duração do sono, latência e despertares noturnos) foi avaliada por modelos de regressão linear. As análises foram ajustadas para potenciais fatores de confusão e o p-valor<0,05 foi adotado para definir a significância estatística. Resultados: Para cada hora adicional de duração do sono, o IMC foi reduzido em 0,15 kg/m² (intervalo de confiança [IC]95% -0,28; -0,01; p=0,03) e cada minuto adicional no tempo de latência resultou em aumento de 0,01 kg/m² (IC95% -0,00; 0,03; p=0,02) no IMC. Essas associações foram independentes da idade gestacional, sexo da criança, peso ao nascer, duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo, tabagismo durante a gravidez e IMC, escolaridade e estado civil da mãe. Os despertares noturnos não apresentaram associação com o desfecho. Conclusões: Nossos achados sugerem que a duração e a latência do sono estão associadas ao IMC no primeiro ano de vida. Informações sobre a influência do sono no início da vida sobre o status do peso podem ser úteis para complementar futuras recomendações nutricionais e prevenir e tratar a obesidade.

Avaliação da qualidade do sono e sonolência diurna de um grupo de idosos / Assessment of sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in a group of elderly people

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a qualidade do sono e sonolência diurna de um grupo de idosos, verificar se há associação com prática de atividade física, presença de doença crônica, e Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e se há correlação com IMC, idade e qualidade de vida. Trata-se de um estudo transversal e descritivo. Para avaliação da qualidade do sono utilizou-se o Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), para avaliação da sonolência diurna a Escala de Sonolência de Epworth (ESE) e para avaliação da qualidade de vida o WHOQOL-BREF. Foram avaliados 47 idosos com mediana (intervalo interquartil 25-75%) de 66 (62-70) anos de idade e IMC de 28,58 (26,21-30,44). 74,5% apresentaram sono ruim, 61,7% apresentaram Sonolência Diurna Normal e 97,8% classificados com boa qualidade de vida, com destaque para os domínios relações sociais (80%) e autoavaliação da qualidade de vida (80%). Apenas apresentou associação estatisticamente significativa a presença de qualidade de sono ruim com a prática de atividade física. Não houve associação entre presença de qualidade de sono ruim ou sonolência com IMC e presença de doença crônica. Houve uma correlação fraca, negativa e estatisticamente significativa apenas entre qualidade do sono com qualidade de vida (ρ=-0,466) e idade (ρ=-0,297). Conclui-se que os idosos apresentaram qualidade do sono ruim, sonolência diurna normal e qualidade de vida geral boa.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the quality of sleep and daytime sleepiness of a group of elderly people, checking whether there is an association with physical activity, presence of chronic disease, and Body Mass Index (BMI) and whether there is a correlation with BMI, age and quality of life. This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study. To assess sleep quality, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESE) was used to assess daytime sleepiness, and the WHOQOL-BREF was used to assess quality of life. 47 elderly people were evaluated with a median (interquartile range 25-75%) of 66 (62-70) years of age and BMI of 28.58 (26.21-30.44). 74.5% had poor sleep, 61.7% had Normal Daytime Sleepiness and 97.8% classified as having a good quality of life, with emphasis on the domains of social relationships (80%) and self-assessment of quality of life (80%). There was only a statistically significant association between the presence of poor sleep quality and the practice of physical activity. There was no association between the presence of poor sleep quality or sleepiness with BMI and the presence of chronic disease. There was a weak, negative and statistically significant correlation only between sleep quality and quality of life (ρ=-0.466) and age (ρ=- 0.297). It is concluded that the elderly had poor sleep quality, normal daytime sleepiness and good general quality of life.

Changing Sleep Patterns and Anxiety due to Covid?19 Home Confinement among Working Population: A Cross?Sectional Study

Introduction: The COVID?19 pandemic took the entire world unawares and people were forced to stay indoors overnight. Due to this a drastic change ensued in lifestyle with many succumbing to various kinds of stresses and psychological problems. This study aims to study the changing sleep patterns and level of anxiety among the working population due to the COVID?19 Pandemic lockdown. Methodology: An online survey was conducted using a cloud?based website. The sleep patterns both prior to and during the lockdown period of the pandemic were assessed using a self?administered questionnaire. The level of anxiety during both these periods (before and during lockdown) amongst the working population was also assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scores (GADS). Results: A total of 224 individuals participated in the study of which 52.7% were males and 47.3% were females. On analysis, the lifestyle and sleep deprivation scores showed that before the lockdown only 2.7% reported a low score out of total participants. However, this number was raised to 13.4% during the lockdown. The percentage of people reporting deteriorated sleep quality gradually increased with females reporting moderate to severe category of Generalized Anxiety Disorder scores as compared to Males. Conclusion: The study suggests that there has been a significant change in the sleep quality of the study participants due to Covid enforced lockdown which if unnoticed might lead to significant health problems. The effective use of programs like yoga, meditation, and deep breathing exercises, if followed timely could reduce psychological distress to some extent.

A privação do sono e seus impactos no desenvolvimento de transtornos neurodegenerativos / Sleep deprivation and its impacts on the development of neurodegenerative disorders / La privación del sueño y su impacto en el desarrollo de trastornos neurodegenerativos

Introdução: A redução do tempo de sono, abaixo das necessidades básicas individuais, denominada privação do sono (PS) é alvo de pesquisas que buscam entender seus efeitos no organismo humano. Estudos em indivíduos que experienciam a PS regularmente demonstraram consequências negativas da prática na saúde humana. Objetivo: A fim de aprofundar o entendimento sobre o tema, esta revisão integrativa de literatura tem o objetivo de elucidar os impactos da PS na cognição, no humor e no desenvolvimento de transtornos neurodegenerativos. Métodos: Por meio da leitura de artigos, selecionados pelo método PRISMA, e da síntese de seus resultados. Resultados: Após análise, foram selecionados 18 artigos, que discutiam sobre o desenvolvimento de doenças neurodegenerativas. Como resultado, observou-se predominância, nos artigos, de impactos negativos da PS sobre o tema estudado, com pequena minoria demonstrando resultados inconclusivos ou sem impacto/impacto significativo, e sem relatos de impactos positivos. Nota-se prejuízos da PS no desenvolvimento de doenças neurodegenerativas, com alta relação à Doença de Alzheimer e relatos sobre Doença de Parkinson, Doença de Huntington e Esclerose Múltipla. Conclusão: Portanto, constata-se como a PS pode exercer impactos negativos no ser humano, notadamente para o desenvolvimento de transtornos neurodegenerativos.

Introduction: The reduction of sleep time, below individual basic needs, called sleep deprivation (SD), is the subject of research that seeks to understand its effects on the human body. Studies in individuals who experience SD regularly have shown negative consequences of this practice on human health. Objective: In order to deepen the understanding of the subject, this integrative literature review aims to elucidate the impacts of SD on the development of neurodegenerative disorders. Methods: Through the reading of articles, selected by the PRISMA method, and the synthesis of their results. After analysis, 18 articles were selected, in which was discussed the development of neurodegenerative. Results: As a result, there was a predominance, in the articles, of negative impacts of SD on the studied aspect, with a small minority demonstrating inconclusive results or results without impact or significant impact, and without any reports of positive impacts. It is noticeable that SD results in damages in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, with great association with Alzheimer's Disease and one report associating SD and Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease and Multiple Sclerosis. Conclusion: Therefore, it is clear how SD can have negative impacts on humans, notably for the development of neurodegenerative disorders.

Introducción: La reducción del tiempo de sueño, abajo de las necesidades básicas individuales, denominada privación de sueño (PS), es objeto de investigación, que busca comprender sus efectos en el organismo humano. Los estudios en individuos que experimentan PS regularmente han mostrado consecuencias negativas de esta práctica en la salud humana. Objetivo: Con el fin de profundizar en la comprensión del tema, esta revisión integrativa de la literatura tiene como objetivo dilucidar los impactos de PS en el desarrollo de trastornos neurodegenerativos. Metodología: Através de la lectura de artículos, seleccionados por el método PRISMA, y la síntesis de sus resultados. Después del análisis, se seleccionaron 18 artículos, que discutieron el desarrollo de trastornos neurodegenerativos. Resultados: Como resultado, fue observado un predominio, en los artículos, de impactos negativos de la DS sobre lo aspecto estudiado, con una pequeña minoría demostrando resultados no concluyentes o resultados sin impacto o impacto significativo, y sin informes de impactos positivos. Es notorio que la PS resulta en daños en el desarrollo de enfermedades neurodegenerativas, con gran asociación con la Enfermedad de Alzheimer y un reporte asociando SD y Enfermedad de Parkinson, Enfermedad de Huntington y Esclerosis Múltiple. Conclusión: Por lo tanto, está claro cómo el PS puede tener impactos negativos en los seres humanos, en particular para trastornos neurodegenerativos.

Association between iron deficiency anemia and sleep duration in the first year of life / Associação entre anemia ferropriva e duração do sono no primeiro ano de vida

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between iron deficiency anemia and sleep duration in the first year of life. Methods: A total of 123 infants were investigated, with sleep being evaluated at 3, 6, and 12 months of age and anemia at birth and 6 months. The cutoff points for anemia and short sleep duration were hemoglobin <11 g/dL (at birth and/or 6 months) and <10 h (at 3, 6, and 12 months), respectively. The comparison of the average sleep time between infants with and without anemia was performed using the Student's t-test, and logistic regression models were also used to verify differences in the sleep duration (short/not short) between the groups. Linear regression analyses were conducted to determine the association between sleep duration and hemoglobin values. The analyses were adjusted for potential confounders. Results: Children with anemia were more likely to be short sleepers [odds ratio (95% confidence interval (CI)): 4.02 (1.02-15.76); p≤0.05], and for each unit increase in hemoglobin values, the sleep duration increased by 16.2 min [β (95%CI): 0.27 (0.00-0.55); p≤0.05), regardless of family income, maternal schooling, gender, and body mass index at birth. Conclusions: Our results suggest that iron deficiency anemia is associated with short sleep duration in the first year of life and indicate the need for longitudinal investigations, with longer follow-up, to verify the impact of anemia on sleep duration at subsequent ages.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre a anemia por deficiência de ferro e a duração do sono no primeiro ano de vida. Métodos: Foram avaliadas 123 crianças, sendo o sono investigado aos três, seis e 12 meses de idade e a anemia ao nascimento e aos seis meses. Utilizaram-se como pontos de corte para anemia e curta duração de sono, respectivamente, hemoglobina<11 g/dL (nascimento e/ou seis meses) e tempo total <10 h (3, 6 e/ou 12 meses). A comparação do tempo médio de sono entre as crianças com e sem anemia foi realizada pelo teste t de Student e modelos de regressão logística foram usados para verificar diferenças na duração do sono (curta/não curta) entre os grupos. Análises de regressão linear foram conduzidas para determinar a associação entre a duração do sono e valores de hemoglobina. As análises foram ajustadas para potenciais confundidores. Resultados: As crianças com anemia tiveram maior chance de apresentar curta duração do sono [odds ratio — OR (intervalo de confiança — IC95%): 4,02 (1,02-15,76); p≤0,05]. Para cada unidade de aumento nos valores da hemoglobina, o tempo de sono aumentou em 16,2 min [β (IC95%): 0,27 (0,00-0,55); p≤0,05), independentemente de renda familiar, escolaridade materna, sexo e índice de massa corporal ao nascimento. Conclusões: Nossos resultados sugerem que a anemia ferropriva está associada à curta duração do sono no primeiro ano de vida e indicam a necessidade de investigações longitudinais, com maior tempo de seguimento, para verificar o impacto da anemia na duração do sono em idades subsequentes.

Determinants of poor sleep quality in adults during the coronavirus disease pandemic: COVID-Inconfidentes, a population-based study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has adversely affected the health of the global population, with sleep quality being one of the affected parameters. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate sleep quality and its associated factors in adults during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. DESIGN AND SETTING: A population-based cross-sectional serological survey of 1,762 adults in the Iron Quadrangle region of Brazil. METHODS: The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to assess sleep quality. Sociodemographic variables, health conditions, health-related behaviors, anxiety, vitamin D levels, weight gain/loss, and pandemic characteristics were assessed using a structured questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate analyses using Poisson regression with robust variance were performed to identify factors associated with sleep quality. RESULTS: More than half of the participants reported poor sleep quality (52.5%). Multivariate analysis revealed that the factors associated with poor sleep quality included living alone (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04-1.73), anxiety disorder (PR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.08-1.62), 5.0% weight loss (PR = 1.21; 95% CI: 1.02-1.44), 5.0% weight gain (PR = 1.27; 95% CI: 1.03-1.55), vitamin D deficiency (PR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.01-1.35), and COVID-19 symptoms (PR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.10-1.52). CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed that more than half of the participants experienced poor sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Factors associated with poor sleep quality included vitamin D deficiency and weight changes related to the pandemic.

Progress in adverse effects of sleep deprivation on body fertility / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

Sleep is essential for the maintenance of human normal functions.Nowadays,the occurrence of active sleep deprivation(ASD)or passive sleep depriva-tion(PSD)is becoming more and more common due to the inability of the body adapting to the rapid changes in the internal and external environment.SD is not only an action,a brief process or a result,but also a directly or indirectly sustained state,which is associated to sleep time,circadian rhythm or sleep quality.SD can lead to numerous adverse effects on the body,such as sleep-related acute and chronic diseases.Long-term SD increases the risk of neurological and cardiovascular dis-eases as well as immune system dysfunction.In addi-tion,SD may affect the reproductive health of the body,giving rise to a series of potential fertility problems.In recent years,the correlation research and mechanism between SD and the related diseases have become a focus of scholars' attention.Numerous lines of evidence suggest that pathological sleep,such as insomnia and sleep apnea syndrome,is associated with impaired repro-ductive function.Disruptions in the circadian rhythm can also lead to impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal(HPG)axis function and thereby interfere with the repro-ductive process.Our research team has demonstrated that SD significantly affects the fertility of male and female rats and has adverse effects on reproduction.By new generation sequencing(NGS)and RT-PCR verifica-tion,we have identified differently expressed genes that are involved in mediating the effect of SD on fertility.However,the mechanisms and biological macromolecules regulated by SD are worthy of being further explored.This paper provides a brief review of SD research and then focuses on the adverse impact of SD on fertility,conducting a literature review to sort out the ideas and pro-vide references for research in this field.

Role of P2X7/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in cognitive impairment in sleep deprived mice / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To investigate the possible role and mechanism of purinergic ligand-gated ion channel 7(P2X7)/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3) inflammasome pathway in cognitive impairment induced by sleep deprivation (SD)mice.Methods:SPF grade male C57BL / 6J mice aged 6-8 weeks were randomly divided into 3 groups according to the random number table method with 6 mice in each group.They were normal control group (CC group), SD group and SD+ P2X7 receptor antagonist brilliant blue G(BBG) group (SD+ BBG group). Modified multiple platform method was used to establish a 5-day SD model in mice.During the SD intervention period, the mice in SD+ BBG group were injected with BBG(50 mg/kg) intraperitoneally once a day, while the mice in CC group and SD group were injected with the same volume of 0.9% sodium chloride solution.Morris water maze was conducted to evaluate the cognitive function of mice.The protein expression levels of P2X7, NLRP3, caspase-1, apoptosis-associated proteins(ASC) and interleukin-1β(IL-1β) in hippocampus were detected by Western blot.RT-qPCR was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), IL-1β, interleukin-18(IL-18) and microglial polarization surface markers CD206 and CD86 in hippocampus.Graph pad Prism 8.0 software and SPSS 25.0 software were used for statistical analysis and mapping.Results:(1) The interaction effect between time and groups of escape latency in three groups of mice was significant ( F=15.76, P<0.001). From the 2nd to 5th day, the escape latencies of mice in SD group were higher than those of CC group, while the escape latencies of mice in SD+ BBG group were lower than those of SD group (all P<0.05). (2)The results of the space exploration experiment showed that there were statistically significant differences in target quadrant residence time and the times of crossing the platform( F=6.65, P=0.009; F=12.39, P<0.001). The target quadrant residence time ((23.42±0.55) s) and times of crossing the platform ((17.67±0.71) times) of the SD group were both lower than those of the CC group ((29.48±1.78) s, (23.33±0.95) times) (both P<0.05), while the target quadrant residence time ((28.62±1.19) s) and the times of crossing the platforms ((21.33±0.76) times) of the SD+ BBG group were both higher than those of the SD group (both P<0.05). (3)There were statistically significant differences in the protein levels of inflammatory related proteins such as P2X7, NLRP3, caspase-1, ASC and IL-1β in the hippocampus of mice among the 3 groups( F=8.23, 8.97, 8.45, 54.42, 8.12, all P<0.05). Compared with CC group, the protein levels of P2X7 ((0.93±0.02), (0.71±0.04)), NLRP3 ((0.97±0.04), (0.62±0.09)), caspase-1 ((1.00±0.03), (0.76±0.07)), ASC ((0.96±0.02), (0.77±0.04)) and IL-1β ((0.85±0.07), (0.54±0.04)) in SD group were all higher (all P<0.05). Compared with SD group, the protein levels of P2X7 (0.74±0.05), NLRP3 (0.78±0.02), caspase-1 (0.74±0.04), ASC (0.67±0.02), IL-1β (0.53±0.07) in SD+ BBG group were all lower (all P<0.05). (4)There were statistically significant differences in the mRNA levels of IL-18, IL-1β, TNF-α, CD86 and CD206 in hippocampus among the three groups ( F=12.80, 12.28, 105.80, 7.06, 30.19, all P<0.05). The mRNA levels of IL-18, IL-1β, TNF-α, CD86 in SD group were all higher than those in CC group(all P<0.05), while the mRNA level of CD206 in SD group was lower than that in CC group( P<0.05). Compared with SD group, the mRNA levels of IL-18, IL-1β, TNF-α, CD86 were lower in SD+ BBG group (all P<0.05), while the CD206 mRNA level of SD+ BBG group was higher than that in SD group( P<0.05). Conclusion:SD intervention can lead to cognitive impairment and increased expression of P2X7 in hippocampus of mice, which may be related to the activation of P2X7/ NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway, promoting the polarization of microglia into pro-inflammatory type and up-regulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.Inhibition of P2X7 can improve the cognitive function of mice.

Sleep deprivation aggravates cognitive impairment in septic rats by activating neuronal glycolytic isoenzyme PFKFB3 / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To evaluate the effect of sleep deprivation on cognitive function in septic rats and its relationship with neuronal glycolysis isoenzyme phosphofructokinase-2/fructose-2,?6-diphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3).Methods:Fifty-six healthy male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n = 14): control group (Con group), sepsis group (LPS group), sepsis+sleep deprivation group (LPS+SD group), sepsis+sleep deprivation+glycolysis inhibitor 3-PO treatment group (LPS+SD+3-PO group). The sepsis model was established by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 10 mg/kg. Rats in LPS+SD group were treated with sleep deprivation using a sleep deprivation instrument 24 hours after LPS injection. The LPS+SD+3-PO group was intraperitoneally injected with LPS for 24 hours, and then injected with 3-PO 50 mg/kg, followed by sleep deprivation. Novel object recognition experiments were performed 72 hours after LPS injection. Subsequently, blood and brain tissue samples were collected. The contents of lactate (Lac), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and serum tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), pyruvate in brain tissue were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Then, the lactate/pyruvate ratio was calculated. Na +-K +-ATPase activity in brain tissue was detected by colorimetry. Morphological changes in hippocampus were detected by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. And the protein expression levels of PFKFB3, ZO-1 and cleaved caspase-3 were measured by Western blotting. Results:Compared with Con group, the novel object recognition index of LPS group was decreased, the levels of NSE, TNF-α, lactate/pyruvate ratio in serum and the levels of Lac, ROS and dry-wet weight ratio in brain tissue were significantly increased, Na +-K +-ATPase activity in brain tissue was decreased, the protein expressions of PFKFB3, caspase-3 were up-regulated, ZO-1 expression was down-regulated, and the neurons in hippocampus were slightly degenerated. Compared with LPS group, the novel object recognition index of LPS+SD group was further decreased [(39.4±5.3)% vs. (54.5±7.6)%)], serum NSE, TNF-α, lactate/pyruvate ratio and brain tissue Lac, ROS, dry-wet weight ratio were further increased [NSE (μg/L): 3.21±0.42 vs. 2.55±0.36, TNF-α (ng/L): 139.4±19.7 vs. 92.2±13.5, lactate/pyruvate ratio: 29.7±5.5 vs. 19.2±4.2, Lac (μmol/g): 19.51±2.33 vs. 11.34±1.52, ROS (kU/g): 117.4±18.7 vs. 78.2±11.8, dry-wet weight ratio: (81.3±9.2)% vs. (64.3±6.6)%], and Na +-K +-ATPase activity was further decreased (mmol·L -1·h -1: 1.88±0.34 vs. 2.91±0.39), the protein expressions of PFKFB3, caspase-3 were further up-regulated and ZO-1 expression was further down-regulated (PFKFB3/β-actin: 0.80±0.11 vs. 0.45±0.07, caspase-3/β-actin: 0.71±0.09 vs. 0.37±0.05, ZO-1/β-actin: 0.31±0.05 vs. 0.61±0.08). The differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). HE staining showed that the degeneration of neurons in hippocampus was significantly aggravated. Compared with LPS+SD group, the novel object recognition index of LPS+SD+3-PO group was increased [(50.8±5.9)% vs. (39.4±5.3)%], NSE, TNF-α, lactate/pyruvate ratio of serum and Lac, ROS, dry-wet weight ratio of brain tissue were significantly decreased [NSE (μg/L): 2.60±0.33 vs. 3.21±0.42, TNF-α (ng/L): 103.7±18.3 vs. 139.4±19.7, lactate/pyruvate ratio: 17.4±5.1 vs. 29.7±5.5, Lac (μmol/g): 13.68±2.02 vs. 19.51±2.33, ROS (kU/g): 86.9±14.5 vs. 117.4±18.7, dry-wet weight ratio: (67.7±6.9)% vs. (81.3±9.2)%], and Na +-K +-ATPase activity was increased (mmol·L -1·h -1: 2.82±0.44 vs. 1.88±0.34). The protein expressions of PFKFB3, caspase-3 were down-regulated and ZO-1 expression was up-regulated (PFKFB3/β-actin: 0.50±0.06 vs. 0.80±0.11, caspase-3/β-actin: 0.43±0.06 vs. 0.71±0.09, ZO-1/β-actin: 0.52±0.06 vs. 0.31±0.05). The differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). HE staining showed that the degeneration of neurons in hippocampus was significantly improved. Conclusions:Sleep deprivation could aggravate neuroinflammation, neuronal degeneration and apoptosis in septic rats, resulting in destruction of blood-brain barrier and cognitive impairment. 3-PO treatment significantly alleviate the injury and degeneration of hippocampal neurons in septic rats, inhibit neuroinflammation and apoptosis, and improve cognitive dysfunction, which may be related to the inhibition of glycolytic isoenzyme PFKFB3.

Effect of Huanglian Ejiaotang on 5-Hydroxytryptamine System and Gut Microbiota in Sleep-deprived Rats / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of Huanglian Ejiaotang in intervening in insomnia based on 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT） system and gut microbiota. MethodFifty-five SPF-grade SD rats were randomly divided into normal group， model group， low-， medium-， and high-dose Huanglian Ejiaotang groups （1.925， 3.85， and 7.7 g·kg-1）， and Estazolam group （0.1 mg·kg-1）. Except for those in the normal group， the rats in the other five groups were subjected to sleep deprivation on a narrow platform for 12 hours daily for 21 consecutive days. After 14 days of drug intervention， the sleep， exploratory behavior， and depressive-like behavior of the rats were assessed using the pentobarbital sodium sleep synergistic test， the open field test， and the sugar preference test， respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） was used to detect the levels of 5-HT， 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid （5-HIAA）， tryptophan hydroxylase （TPH）， and monoamine oxidase-A （MAO-A）. Real-time polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was used to measure the mRNA expression of the 5-HT1A receptor （5-HT1AR） and 5-HT2A receptor （5-HT2AR）. Differences in gut microbiota among the groups were assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing， and the correlation between the 5-HT system and microbiota was revealed using redundancy analysis. ResultCompared with the normal group， the model group showed a prolonged sleep latency （P<0.05）， reduced sleep maintenance （P<0.01）， decreased central area activity time in the open field （P<0.01）， and reduced sugar preference rate （P<0.05）. Moreover， the model group also showed decreased levels of 5-HT， 5-HIAA， TPH， and MAO-A （P<0.01）， decreased 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio （P<0.01）， downregulated mRNA expression of 5-HT1AR （P<0.01）， and upregulated mRNA expression of 5-HT2AR （P<0.05）. The proportion of Firmicutes decreased， while that of Bacteroidetes increased， leading to a decreased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes （F/B） ratio （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the high-dose Huanglian Ejiaotang group exhibited a shortened sleep latency （P<0.01）， and increased sleep maintenance （P<0.01）. The low-dose Huanglian Ejiaotang group showed increased central area activity time （P<0.01） and an increased sugar preference rate （P<0.05）. The high-dose Huanglian Ejiaotang group exhibited increased levels of 5-HT， 5-HIAA， TPH， and MAO-A （P<0.01）， increased 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio （P<0.05）， upregulated mRNA expression of 5-HT1AR （P<0.01）， and downregulated mRNA expression of 5-HT2AR （P<0.05）. The low-dose Huanglian Ejiaotang group displayed an increased proportion of Firmicutes and a decreased proportion of Bacteroidetes， resulting in an increased F/B ratio. At the phylum level， 5-HT， 5-HIAA， and MAO-A were positively correlated with Firmicutes and negatively correlated with Bacteroidetes. At the genus level， 5-HT， 5-HIAA， TPH， and MAO-A were negatively correlated with Prevotella and Lactobacillus and positively correlated with Blautia and Bacteroides. ConclusionHuanglian Ejiaotang can improve sleep deprivation-induced insomnia and depressive-like behavior by regulating the activity of the 5-HT system and the composition of gut microbiota.

Effect of sleep on brain clearing metabolites: thinking based on lymphoid system / 中华神经科杂志

Disruption of the structure of regular sleep is a common cause of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer′s disease and Parkinson′s disease, and its pathogenesis may be related to the deposition of waste products in the central nervous system. The glymphatic pathway, which is essentially a periarterial cerebrospinal fluid inflow pathway and peripheral venous clearance pathway, is functionally dependent on interstitial bulk flow coupling supported by aquaporin-4 on the astrocyte end-foot, also known as the lymphoid glial system. The glymphatic pathway, which removes waste proteins from the brain, is active primarily during sleep, and sleep quality declines with age, while the glymphatic pathway system also deteriorates with age, suggesting a relationship between sleep disturbances and symptom progression in neurodegeneration, and glymphatic system as a link closely links the two. The interaction of sleep, aging, metabolic waste and glymphatic pathway reticulation provides new clues to the pathogenesis of central nervous system degenerative diseases, and the glymphatic pathway may constitute a new target on treatment. The recent research progress on the effects of sleep and sleep disorders on the circulation of the glymphatic system, and proposes the possibility of sleep intervention to slow down the impairment of the lymphoid system function or even restore the function of the lymphoid system and thus improve the disease development process were reviewed in this paper.

Melatonin attenuates bone resorption induced by acute sleep deprivation in growing rats / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective:To explore the changes of bone turnover markers induced by sleep deprivation (SD) and the effect of melatonin supplementation on the bone turnover status.Methods:Six-week-old Wistar male rats were divided into SD, normal control (NC), and melatonin supplementation (SD+ MT) groups. Acute SD model was established using a modified multi-level bench method. The bone turnover markers, corticosterone, and melatonin in serum as well as Cathepsin K(CTSK) mRNA expression in bone tissue were tested.Results:Acute SD disrupted the balance between bone formation and bone absorption evidenced by rapid decreased serum procollagen type Ⅰ N-terminal propeptide (PⅠNP) levels and increased β cross-linked C-telopeptide of type Ⅰ collagen (β-CTX) levels ( P=0.003) from 24 h to 72 h. The exogenous melatonin treatment decreased β-CTX [(512.4±95.8) ng/mL vs (696.0±76.5) ng/mL, P=0.004] and the osteoclast-related gene CTSK mRNA level after 72 h SD. Conclusions:Acute SD accelerates bone resorption, which could be partially alleviated by melatonin supplementation.

Role of Homer1a/mGluR5 signaling pathway in cognitive dysfunction induced by sleep deprivation in aged rats / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the role of Homer1a/metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) signaling pathway in sleep deprivation-induced cognitive dysfunction in aged rats.Methods:One hundred and four SPF healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 22-24 months, weighing 320-360 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=26 each) using a random number table method: normal control group (group Control), sleep deprivation+ vehicle group (group SD+ Vehicle), sleep deprivation+ mGluR5 forward allosteric agent CDPPB group (group SD+ CDPPB), and sleep deprivation+ mGluR5 antagonist MPEP group (group SD+ MPEP). A 48-h sleep deprivation model was developed by sleep-deprived rod method. At the beginning of developing the model and 24 h after developing the model, CDPPB 10 mg/kg, MPEP 10 mg/kg and the equal volume of 1% Tween 80 were intraperitoneally injected in group SD+ CDPPB, group SD+ MPEP and group SD+ Vehicle, respectively.Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests were conducted to evaluate cognitive function after development of the model. The expression of Homer1a and mGluR5 in the hippocampus was detected by Western blot, the dendritic spine density in the hippocampal CA1 region was detected by Golgi staining, and the field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) slope in the hippocampal CA1 region was detected by isolated electrophysiology. Results:Compared with Control group, the number of crossing the original platform, time of staying at the target quadrant, and novel object recognition index at 1 and 24 h after training were significantly decreased, the expression of Homer1a in the hippocampus was up-regulated, the expression of mGluR5 in the hippocampus was down-regulated, and the density of dendritic spine and fEPSP slope in the hippocampal CA1 region were decreased in group SD+ Vehicle ( P<0.05). Compared with group SD+ Vehicle, the number of crossing the original platform, time of staying at target quadrant, and novel object recognition index at 1 and 24 h after training were significantly increased, the expression of mGluR5 in hippocampus was up-regulated, and the density of dendritic spines and fEPSP slope in the hippocampal CA1 region were increased in group SD+ MPEP( P<0.05), and no statistically significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in group SD+ CDPPB ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Sleep deprivation impairs the synaptic plasticity of hippocampal neurons by regulating Homer1a/mGluR5 signaling pathway, and thus mediating the process of cognitive dysfunction in aged rats.

Comparison of effects of desflurane versus sevoflurane anesthesia on sleep quality of sleep-deprived mice / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To compare the effects of desflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia on the sleep quality of sleep-deprived mice.Methods:Thirty-two clean-grade healthy male C57BL/6 mice, aged 10 weeks, weighing 20-25 g, were divided into 4 groups ( n=8 each) by the random number table method: control group (C group), sleep deprivation group (SD group), sleep deprivation+ sevoflurane group (SD+ SEV group), and sleep deprivation+ desflurane group (SD+ DES group). In the four groups, EEG-EMG electrodes were implanted for recording EEG and EMG, and sleep deprivation model was developed by the gentle stimulation method with a brush for 12 h (6: 00-18: 00) after 7 days of adaptation. The 6 h after sleep deprivation was divided into 2 time periods: T 1 period (18: 00-20: 00) and T 2 period (20: 00-24: 00). T 1 period In SD group, mice were allowed ad libitum recovery sleep after sleep deprivation. C group and SD group were exposed to 60% oxygen 1.5 L/min. In SD+ DES group and SD+ SEV group, mice were exposed to 6% desflurane and 2.5% sevoflurane, respectively, for 2 h in 60% oxygen 1.5 L/min following sleep deprivation. T 2 period Four groups were allowed ad libitum recovery sleep with the EEG-EMG signal recording. The percentages and number of wakefulness time, rapid eye movement time and non-rapid eye movement time during each time period were calculated using Lunion Data software. Results:Compared with C group, the percentage of non-rapid eye movement time and the percentage of rapid eye movement time were significantly decreased, and the percentage of wakefulness time was increased during 12 h sleep deprivation in SD group, SD+ SEV group and SD+ DES group ( P<0.05). Compared with T 1 period, the percentage of non-rapid eye movement time was significantly increased, and the percentage of wakefulness time and percentage of rapid eye movement time were decreased in T 2 period in SD group ( P<0.05). Compared with SD group, the percentage of non-rapid eye movement time and percentage of rapid eye movement time were significantly decreased, and the percentage of wakefulness time was increased in T 2 period in SD+ SEV group and SD+ DES group ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the percentage of non-rapid eye movement, rapid eye movement and wakefulness time in T 2 period between SD+ SEV group and SD+ DES group ( P>0.05). Compared with SD+ SEV group, the number of non-rapid eye movement in T 2 period was significantly reduced in SD+ DES group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The effect of desflurane anesthesia in improving sleep quality is better than sevoflurane anesthesia in sleep-deprived mice.

Role of Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor in Object Recognition Memory Impairment in Chronically Rapid Eye Movement Sleep-deprived Rats / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

Objective We aimed to investigate whether antagonism of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R) could affect novel object recognition (NOR) memory in chronically rapid eye movement sleep-deprived (RSD) rats.Methods The animals were examined for recognition memory following a 7-day chronic partial RSD paradigm using the multiple platform technique. The CB1R antagonist rimonabant (1 or 3 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered either at one hour prior to the sample phase for acquisition, or immediately after the sample phase for consolidation, or at one hour before the test phase for retrieval of NOR memory. For the reconsolidation task, rimonabant was administered immediately after the second sample phase.Results The RSD episode impaired acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval, but it did not affect the reconsolidation of NOR memory. Rimonabant administration did not affect acquisition, consolidation, and reconsolidation; however, it attenuated impairment of the retrieval of NOR memory induced by chronic RSD.Conclusions These findings, along with our previous report, would seem to suggest that RSD may affect different phases of recognition memory based on its duration. Importantly, it seems that the CB1R may, at least in part, be involved in the adverse effects of chronic RSD on the retrieval, but not in the acquisition, consolidation, and reconsolidation, of NOR memory.

A relação entre a privação do sono e a doença de Alzheimer: uma revisão integrativa / The relationship between sleep deprivation and Alzhei mer's disease: an integrative review / La relación entre la privación del sueño y la enfermedad de Alzheimer: una revisión integradora

Introdução: A privação de sono participa de diversos processos neuropatoló- gicos, inclusive na fisiopatologia da Doença de Alzheimer, demência progressiva e mul- tifatorial com morbimortalidade crescente. Ademais, figura como um importante fator de risco modificável da mesma. Portanto, buscou-se analisar a produção científica relevante ao tema e averiguar essa correlação. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão de literatura com artigos publicados entre os anos de 2017 e 2022 nas bases de dados PubMed e SCO- PUS. Resultados: 13 artigos analisados, correspondentes a 87% da amostra, verificaram correlação entre a privação do sono e a algum elemento da fisiopatologia da Doença de Alzheimer, especialmente pelo acúmulo de placas extracelulares de ß-amilóide e sua má depuração pelo sistema glinfático. Conclusão: A privação do sono possui forte papel nos processos neurodegenerativos, inclusive na Doença de Alzheimer. Estratégias de promo- ção de sono com boa duração e qualidade são necessárias e abrem novas perspectivas de medidas preventivas e efetivação de terapias modificadoras da doença, sendo necessários estudos com maiores populações e duração para a melhor compreensão dessa relação.

Introduction: Sleep deprivation is involved in various neuropathological processes, including the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, a progressive and multifactorial dementia with increasing morbidity and mortality. Moreover, it is an important modifiable risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, we sought to analyze relevant scientific production on the subject and investigate this correlation. Methodology: This is a literature review of articles published between 2017 and 2022 in the databases PubMed and SCOPUS. Results: 13 articles analyzed, corresponding to 87% of the sample, found a correlation between sleep deprivation and some element of the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, especially through the accumulation of extracellular ß-amyloid plaques and their poor clearance by the glymphatic system. Conclusion: Sleep deprivation plays a strong role in neurodegenerative processes, including Alzheimer's disease. Sleep promotion strategies with good duration and quality are necessary and open new perspectives for preventive measures and effective implementation of disease-modifying therapies, requiring studies with larger populations and duration for better understanding of this relationship.

Introducción: La privación de sueño está implicada en diversos procesos neuropatológicos, incluyendo la fisiopatología de la enfermedad de Alzheimer, una de- mencia progresiva y multifactorial con una morbilidad y mortalidad crecientes. Además, es un importante factor de riesgo modificable de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Por lo tanto, buscamos analizar la producción científica relevante sobre el tema e investigar esta correlación. Metodología: Se trata de una revisión bibliográfica de artículos publicados entre 2017 y 2022 en las bases de datos PubMed y SCOPUS. Resultados: En 13 artículos analizados, correspondientes al 87% de la muestra, se encontró una correlación entre la privación de sueño y algún elemento de la fisiopatología de la enfermedad de Alzheimer, especialmente a través de la acumulación de placas ß-amiloides extracelulares y su pobre aclaramiento por el sistema glinfático. Conclusiones: La privación de sueño desempeña un papel importante en los procesos neurodegenerativos, incluida la enfermedad de Al- zheimer. Estrategias de promoción del sueño con buena duración y calidad son necesarias y abren nuevas perspectivas para medidas preventivas e implementación efectiva de tera- pias modificadoras de la enfermedad, requiriendo estudios con mayor población y dura- ción para una mejor comprensión de esta relación.

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF YOGA MODULE FOR OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA

Background: Sleep is an essential component of human life because it provides for relaxation and recovery from the stresses of everyday living. Reduced sleep quantity or quality leads to sleep deprivation which may offer indirect dangers by affecting cognitive and physical performance and raising the chance of motor vehicle and occupational accidents. Insomnia chronic sleep debt snoring sleep apnea circadian rhythm disturbances (including shift work syndrome) RLS parasomnias and uncommon diseases such as narcolepsy are the most common sleep disorders found in sleep clinics according to experts. Obstructive Sleep apnea is a common disorder in which your breathing stops and starts periodically while you sleep. To determine the design and validation of an Integrated Yoga Module (IYM) for OSA patients. The ?rst phase - IYM for OSA - was created based on a survey of classic books and Materials and Procedures: recently available research studies. The designed IYM was validated by 20 subject matter (yoga) experts in the second phase. Lawshe's formula was used to calculate the content-validity ratio (CVR). Yoga practices were created for the OSA Results: Integrated Yoga Module. The ?nal Integrated Yoga Module featured yoga practises with CVR ?0.5 that were assessed by 20 yoga experts and agreed in faculty group discussion. The yoga practices were designed and validated for IYM for Conclusion: OSA. By applying Lawshe's content validity criteria 20 yoga professionals veri?ed the IYM design.

SNORE (Sleep Deprivation Among Night Shift Health Staff on Rotation Evaluation) Study Protocol

Background: SNORE (Sleep deprivation among Night shift health staff On Rotation-Evaluation) study is conceptualized to study the effects of sleep deprivation on healthcare professionals working night shifts on rotation. Materials and Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study is devised including health-care profes-sionals working night shifts on rotation at a tertiary level health-care facility, using a semi-structured questionnaire which can test sleep deprivation, cognitive ability, and quality of life. The process is to ap-proach 309 probable study participants based on stratified random sampling, after exclusion of health-care professionals with other factors which may interfere with sleep deprivation testing. Discussion: The study protocol was set in such a way as to randomly include participants from all cadres of healthcare providers as per population proportion. By measuring the effects on cognitive effect and quality of life necessary steps can be taken to provide better quality of life and to decrease cognitive im-pairment, especially among health care professionals working night shifts.

Sleep Quality among Healthcare Professionals in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Introduction: A person spends one third life in sleep, so the quality and quantity of sleep is of utmost importance. Health Care Professionals (HCPs) are more prone to inconsistency in sleep both in quality and quantity, which leads to deflection from health and well-being of themselves and care of others. This study aims to assess the various factors influencing sleep quality and daytime sleepiness among medical and nursing healthcare professionals. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted using a structured questionnaire to collect socio-demographic and work-related information, co-morbidity and quality of Sleep using ESS (Epworth Sleepiness Scale) and PSQI (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) scale. Results: Among the 150 HCPs, 64.7% were medical and 35.3% were nursing professionals. 53.6% of medical and 66% of nursing professionals reported poor sleep quality. Increased coffee consumption influences sleep quality and it was found to be statistically significant. Nursing professionals had more excessive daytime sleepiness (58.5%) with significant p-value (p=0.01). Conclusion: According to our study results, sleep quality was poor among nursing professionals which highlights the need for measures to improve their quality of sleep.